![]() ![]() ![]() bodily harm ( including murder, violence, arrest, detention, enforced disappearance and abduction ).For this purpose, press freedom is defined as the ability to identify, gather and disseminate news and information in accordance with journalistic methods and ethics, without unnecessary risk of: ![]() The questions concern journalists’ safety. Safety - 12 questions and subquestions (⅔ of the safety score) cultural constraints, including pressure on journalists to not question certain bastions of power or influence or not cover certain issues because it would run counter to the prevailing culture in the country or territory.social constraints resulting from denigration and attacks on the press based on such issues as gender, class, ethnicity and religion.economic constraints linked to media owners seeking to promote or defend their business interests.economic constraints linked to non-state actors (advertisers and commercial partners).economic constraints linked to governmental policies (including the difficulty of creating a news media outlet, favouritism in the allocation of state subsidies, and corruption).the presence or absence of impunity for those responsible for acts of violence against journalists.the ability to access information without discrimination between journalists, and the ability to protect sources.the degree to which journalists and media are free to work without censorship or judicial sanctions, or excessive restrictions on their freedom of expression.the degree of support for the media in their role of holding politicians and government to account in the public interest.the level of acceptance of a variety of journalistic approaches satisfying professional standards, including politically aligned approaches and independent approaches.the degree of support and respect for media autonomy vis-à-vis political pressure from the state or from other political actors.And within each indicator, all the questions and subquestions have equal weight. All of the subsidiary scores contribute equally to the global score. Įach country or territory’s score is evaluated using five contextual indicators that reflect the press freedom situation in all of its complexity: political context, legal framework, economic context, sociocultural context and safety.Ī subsidiary score ranging from 0 to 100 is calculated for each indicator. Blanche Marès, head of the World Press Freedom Index, after Nalini Lepetit-Chella and Prem Samy.Thibaut Bruttin, RSF’s deputy director-general.Laura Moore, journalist, head of research and evaluation at Deutsche Welle Akademie, and author of “Measuring global media freedom” (Springer VS, 2020).Herman Wasserman, professor of media studies at the University of Cape Town and editor of African Journalism Studies.Sallie Hughes, professor in the department of journalism and media management at the University of Miami, and a former journalist with the Miami Herald, Washington Post and Maclean’s.David Levy, senior research associate and former director of the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, and member of RSF’s UK board.Thomas Hanitzsch, comparative research director in the department of communication studies and media research at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, and a specialist in global journalism cultures and comparative methodology.The panel that has been assisting the revision of the Index’s methodology since 2020 has seven members:
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